Antibiotics & Bacterial Infections-Pharmaexpressrx.com

What are Antibiotics ?
Antibiotics are the group of medications that are use to treat bacterial infections. They include the chemical substance that is obtained from the microorganism. This way microorganisms are used to treat the infections caused by the microorganisms. Antibiotics kill or inhibits the growth the bacteria. Antibiotics basically are used to cure the infections caused only by bacteria, but few other antibiotics now are also available to cure fungal or protozoa infections. Viral infections are not treated by the antibiotics. They are the most frequently prescribed medications against bacterial infection, no other medication is found to be as useful against bacteria. Antibiotics are derived from the bacterial sources and are used against the bacterial infections. Antibiotics sabotage the bacterial infections completely. Both gram positive or gram negative strains of bacterial infections can be cured by the antibiotics. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial infections can be cured with the help of the antibiotics. Whatever may be the severity of bacterial infection you can cure it with the help of the antibiotic medicines.
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Antibiotics eradicates the bacterial infection following methods: Antibiotics works by stopping bacteria from forming their cell walls. They kill bacterial cells by disorganizing the outer membranes. Antibiotics destroys bacteria by interfering with the process of translation in protein synthesis. Antibiotics blocks the division and growth of cells by inhibiting synthesis of DNA and RNA.
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Antibiotics & Bacterial Infections

	Types of Antibiotics :
	Penicillins
	Cephalosporins
	Sulfonamides
	Fluroquinolones
	Tetracyclines
	Macrolides
	Aminoglycosides

	History of Antibiotics
	Preliminary phase
	Secondary phase
	Advanced phase

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Types of Antibiotics
	Variety of the types of the antibiotic medications are available in the market. But, majority come from only a few types of drugs. Many scientists have classified bacteria differently, but the main and most acceptable are only two, structure classification and based on activity (bactericidal and bacteriostatic). Bactericidal means the drug that eradicates the bacterial colonies and bacteriostatic means the drug that inhibits the replication of the bacteria. Accordingly to the structural classification antibiotics are classified in following groups.
	Penicillins :
	This is the most primitive category of the drugs. It was the first antibiotic to be discovered. They are generally bactericidal in nature. They work on the phenomenon of destroying the bacteria completely rather than only stopping their multiplication. This group includes penicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin.


	Cephalosporins:
	They are closely like penicillin but differ due to the addition of beta-lactum antibiotics. As their name suggests "cepha" means diversely acting antibiotics. They are either bacteriostatic or bactericidal in nature. They are effective against the anaerobic bacteria which no other antibiotic is effective in. They are used to treat used to treat meningitis and encephalitis.

	Sulfonamides :
	These the antibiotic drugs including the sulfonamide group. These drugs are very carefully given because sulponamide allergies are found to be very common among the people. These are bacteriostatic drugs in nature. They don't kill the bacteria; they just stop the multiplication of the bacterial colonies.
	Fluroquinolones :
	Fluroquinolones are the synthetic antibacterial agents that are not derived from the bacteria. They are generally synthesized in the laboratory and no bacterial involvement was required for it. Ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin are the drugs includes under this category of medicines.
	Tetracyclines :
	They are antibiotics with the chemical structure having four rings thus named as tetracycline. They are derived from the Streptomyces bacteria. These bacteria are not is much use because many people are allergic to it. Along with the bacterial infections they are also found to be affective against rickettsia and amebic parasites.

	Macrolides :
	These antibiotics are called macrolides as they have a macrocyclic lactone chemical structure. These bacteria include both bacteriostatic as well as bactericidal bacteria. These bacteria are newly developed form of the bacteria with lesser side effects in comparison to others. Erythromycin is the most famous antibiotic belonging to this group.
	Aminoglycosides :
	Aminoglycosides are antibiotics that includes sugar group and amino group in combination. This antibiotic is effective against very less bacteria. Aminoglycosides are derived from the bacteria of the Streptomyces genus. Gentamicin, kanamycin, and neomycin are the famous medicines belonging to this category of antibiotics.
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History of Antibiotics :
	Antibiotics are now about 100 years old. They are the best known medicines are bacterial infections no other medicines are as effective as antibiotics. The history of antibiotics is divided in three phases as mentioned below

	1.Preliminary phase
	Antibiotic property of some plants is known in history. Various plants were used to cure the infections in the ancient Chinese medicine. Even Egyptians, Arabs, and Greeks were using the molds and other plants to treat infections. Cinchona bark is one of the oldest known use of the plants to treat malaria (disease caused by protozoa). This way it was known that plants can be used to cure infections, so why not microorganisms? Mr. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch thought about his question and firstly used the airborne bacillus to eradicate the bacterial colonies of Bacillus anthracis. The bacterial property of destroy the species of other bacteria was described by Johy Tydall in 1875. He named it as bacterial antagonism. Many other scientists also worked during this phase, but none were found to be very much impressive. It was only in the secondary phase that made antibiotics to be available for treating bacterial infections.


	2.Secondary phase
	The chapter of Sir Alexander Fleming begins here. He was the person to notify the effect of the bacteria to destroy bacteria. It was 1928 that Sir Alexander Fleming noted while clearing up his laboratory that their was a grown mould on one of the plates on bacterial culture including Staphylococcus. It was the mould of Penicillium notatum that destroyed by the colonies of Staphylococcus. So, he concluded that the bacterial colonies were killed due to some chemical substance given out by mould. The new way for the research was thus discovered and Sir. Alexander Fleming continued the research, finding out the new thing about antibiotics. Then he moved on to another research work. Then 10 years later, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, working at Oxford University isolated the chemical substance that killed the bacteria. It was in 1941 that Dr. Charles Fetcher used this penicillin strains against the bacteria and found the positive results in the patients. Later on these drugs were given for the production in bulk to the American manufacturer. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Wakeman, an American microbiologist in 1942.
	3. Advanced phase
	From 1943 the new and advanced phase in the history of the antibiotics began. It was the discovery of the next antibiotic Streptomycin by Selman Wakeman. This antibiotic proved effective against the Tuberculosis and many other bacterial infections. It was the revolutionary phase, when one after other many antibiotics were discovered. The period during the World War II was the search time for the different antibiotics all over the world. Later on many new inventions were done in the field of antibiotics. Even the new techniques to invent the antibiotics were invented and today antibiotics are the most preferred drugs to treat the bacterial infections.

	Usage of Antibiotics
	Important Note: Antibiotics are used as per the doctor's recommendations. Never use antibiotics on your own this may result in other health complications. Antibiotic are the medication that are useful only against the bacterial infections. Which bacteria is responsible for the infection can be found only on the basis of the diagnostic tests. Even doctor takes the decision of giving the antibiotic on the basis on these test results. Generally we have a tendency to take the previously prescribed medicines again when we fall and this is what makes the problem more difficult. If you are not suffering with the particular bacterial infection then antibiotic may not show any effect and problem may get severe. You may even face the drawbacks of taking the wrong antibiotic. So, take antibiotics only after consulting to the doctor.

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Antibiotics & Bacterial Infections